Allama Muhammad Iqbal (82nd Death Anniversary)
Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal (/ˈɪkbɑːl/; Urdu: محمد اِقبال; 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938), known as Allama Iqbal, was a poet, philosopher, theorist, and barrister in British India. He has been called the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan" for his contributions to the nation. Iqbal's poems, political contributions, and academic and scholarly research were distinguished.[1][2] He inspired the Pakistan movement in British India[3][4] and is considered a renowned figure of Urdu literature,[5] although he wrote in both Urdu and Persian.[2][5]
Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by Indians, Pakistanis, Iranians, Bangladeshis and other international scholars of literature.[6][7][8] Though Iqbal is best known as a poet, he is also an acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times".[2][8] His first poetry book, The Secrets of the Self, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include The Secrets of Selflessness, Message from the East and Persian Psalms. His best known Urdu works are The Call of the Marching Bell, Gabriel's Wing, The Rod of Moses and a part of Gift from Hijaz.[9] Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his Urdu and English lectures and letters have been influential in cultural, social, religious and political discourses.[9]
In the 1922 New Year Honours, he was made a Knight Bachelor by King George V.[10][11] While studying law and philosophy in England, Iqbal joined the London branch of the All-India Muslim League.[8][9] During the League's December 1930 session, he delivered a speech, known as the Allahabad Address, in which he pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in north-west India.[8][9]
In much of South Asia and the Urdu-speaking world, Iqbal is regarded as the Shair-e-Mashriq (Urdu: شاعر مشرق, "Poet of the East").[12][13][14] He is also called Mufakkir-e-Pakistan (Urdu: مفکر پاکستان, "The Thinker of Pakistan"), Musawwir-e-Pakistan (Urdu: مصور پاکستان, "Painter of Pakistan") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (Urdu: حکیم الامت, "The Sage of the Ummah"). The Pakistan government officially named him the "National Poet of Pakistan".[8] His birthday Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl (Urdu: یوم ولادت محمد اقبال), or Iqbal Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan.[15]
Iqbal's house in Sialkot is recognised as Iqbal's Manzil and is open for visitors. His other house where he lived most of his life and died is in Lahore, named Javed Manzil. The museum is located on Allama Iqbal Road near Lahore Railway Station, Punjab, Pakistan.[16] It was protected under the Punjab Antiquities Act of 1975, and declared a Pakistani national monument in 1977
Muhammad Iqbal
محمد اِقبال
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Iqbal in 1938
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| Born |
Muhammad Iqbal
9 November 1877
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| Died |
21 April 1938 (aged 60)
Lahore, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
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| Nationality | British Indian |
| Education | |
Notable work
| Bang-e-Dara, The Secrets of the Self, The Secrets of Selflessness, Message from the East, Persian Psalms, Javid Nama, "Sare Jahan se Accha" (more works) |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Islamic philosophy |
| School | Islamic law |
Main interests
| Islam, Urdu poetry, Persian poetry, law |
Notable ideas
| Allahabad Address |
In 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness.[49] He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at a Jamalpur estate near Pathankot,[50][51] where there were plans to subsidise studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final years, he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938.[9][13] His tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort, and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan.
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